NIE Home NSSE Home

Paul LEE Choon Keat

 
Current Appointment Associate Professor
 
Office NIE7-03-92
 
Telephone (65) 6790 3815 (Office)
(65) 6896 8407 (Home)
(65) 9834 2655 (Hand Phone)
 
Fax (65) 6896 9414
 
Email paul.lee@nie.edu.sg
 
Academic Background BSc,ARCS 1992 Imperial College
PhD, DIC 1996 Imperial College
PGDipTHE 1999 NTU
 
Professional Organisations Member Institute of Physics (Singapore)
 
 
       
  Profile

Paul Lee was born in Seremban, Malaysia on November 10, 1970. He studied in Singapore at ACPS,ACS and ACJC. He received the B.Sc. (1992) (Matthews memorial prize) and Ph.D. (1996) degrees in physics from the University of London (Imperial College) UK. He obtained the Post Graduate Diploma in teaching Higher Education at National Institute of Education (NIE) (1999). In UK he worked at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory on laser produced plasmas as well as at Blackett Laboratory on z-pinches. He worked as a Postdoctoral Fellow in the Microelectronics Division of the School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore (1996-1997). He was a lecturer in the Division of Physics, School of Science, National Institute of Education, NTU, Singapore (1998). He is currently an associate professor in NSSE, NIE, NTU having served as deputy head-outreach and deputy head-research. He has experience in the fields of pulsed power and laser technology, laser produced plasmas, z-pinches, plasma focus devices. He has been actively involved programmes to promote science to students like Physics Olympiads, and mentorship programmes.
 

 
  Courses
Semester 1 Semester 2
AAP102, QSS501, QCP521, INS4332, ASK201, DSS101 AAP104, AAP204, INS4332, MLS841
   		  
  Research Interests Lasers
Plasma Focus
Radiation Sources
 		  
  Research Grants Current
RI5/05LCK Development of EUV sources for nanolithography
RP4/05LCK Development of laser and Discharge based EUV sources
RP3/05RSR Time resolved spectroscopy and imaging of pulsed laser plasma
RP2/05SVS DPF production of Positron Emission Tomography Isotopes-Supplementary
External AASC(US based company) Neutron emission studies on plasma focus with twisted cathode geometry
Dense Plasma Focus production of Positron Emission Tomography
External Perkin Elmer $89,300Xenon Flashtube Plasma Characterization
External IAEA Dense Plasma focus sorces for intense pulsed radiation and particle beams Applications
AcRF RI7/03 RSR Pulsed laser Deposition of nano-sized Cr Co/FeCo magnetic thin films
URC External AASC Neutron emission studies from miniature and medium size plasma focus device
GRO193-IAEA-LS

Completed
NSTB/012/101/0028LCK Multiple Radiation Source
RG 12/97 X-Ray Source
RP11/98LCK Laser Studies
RP 16/99LCK High Aspect Ratio Structures
RP 14/99 TTL
RP 17/00 RSR
RP 18/00 FSK
RI 7/03 RSR
 

  
  Professional Activities 1999-Singapore Physics Olympiad,Organiser
2000-1st Asian Physics Olympiad,Singapore Team Leader
2000-31st International Physics Olympiad,Singapore Team Leader
2000- Science Mentorship Programme Mentor
2000-2nd Trainers Convention (Malaysia) Invited Speaker
2002- 3rd APHO theory team
2005- NRP Chairman
2005- ICDMP member
 		  
  Theses Supervised 1998-2000, Wang Weilong,High power laser matter interaction, PhD
2000-2001, Shan Bing, Comparative study of Plasma FOcus, PhD
2000-2001, Ashutosh Srivastava, Argon Plasma Focus, MSc
2000-2002, Zheng Bangke,Pulsed Laser Deposition, MSc
2000-2002, Alin Patran, Medium Energy X-Ray Source, PhD
2004- Zhang Tao, PhD
2004- Syed Murtaza Hassan, PhD
2005- Ren Yuping, PhD
2005- Shahid Mahmood
2005- Lin Jiaji
 		  
       
  Selected Publications    
 

 

    
 
  1. S. Ahmad, M. Sadiq, M. Shafiq, A. Waheed, P. Lee and M. Zakaullah Effect of Pre-Ionization by Shunt Resistor on the Reproducibility of the Plasma Focus Operation Plasma Sources Science and Technology Accepted (2006)
  2.  T Zhang, K S Thomas Gan, P Lee, R V Ramanujan, and R S Rawat, Characteristics of FeCo nano-particles synthesized using plasma, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 39 (2006) 2212–2219
  3. S V Springham, T H Sim, P Lee, A Patran, R S Rawat, P M E Shutler, T L Tan and S Lee Fusion reactions in a plasma focus operated with 3He-D2 and 4He-D2 gas mixtures Physica scripta 73, 1-7 (2006)
  4. S. Ahmad, M. Sadiq, S. Hussain, M. Shafiq, P. Lee, M. Zakaullah and A. Waheed Enhanced and reproducible X-ray emission in a low-energy plasma focus Europhysics Letters Vol. 73 Number 1  pp. 42–48 (2006)
  5. S.R. Mohanty, N.K. Neog, B.B. Nayak, B.S. Acharya, P.Lee, A. Tan and R.S.Rawat Energetic ion irradiation of American Diamond in a plasma focus device and characterization of irradiated material, Nuclear Instruments and Methods B 243(1), 113-118 (2006)
  6. T.L. Tan, D. Wong, P. Lee, R.S. Rawat, S.V. Springham and A. Patran Characterization of chemically amplified resist for X-ray lithography by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy in press Thin Solid Films 504(1-2), 113-116 (2006)
  7. S.V. Springham, T.H. Sim, R.S. Rawat, P. Lee , A. Patran, T.L. Tan, P.M.E. Shutler and S. Lee D(3He,p)4He and D(d,p)3H fusion in a small plasma focus operated in a deuterium helium-3 gas mixture,  Nukleonika 51(1),47-53  (2006)
  8. A. Patran, D. Stoenescu, R.S. Rawat, S.V. Springham, T.L. Tan, L.C. Tan, M.S. Rafique, P. Lee and S.Lee A magnetic electron analyzer for plasma focus electron energy distribution studies, accepted Journal of Fusion Energy. 2006
  9. A.D. Handoko, S.R. Mohanty, P. Lee and R.S. Rawat, Emission spectroscopy investigation of time resolved ZrO2 and Al2O3 plasma characteristics, J. Physics: Conference Series 28,100 (2006)
  10. Happy, S.R. Mohanty, P. Lee, T.L. Tan, S.V. Springham, A. Patran, R.V. Ramanujan, and R.S. Rawat, “Effect of deposition parameters on morphology and size of FeCo nanoparticles synthesized by pulsed laser ablation deposition”  Applied Surface Science 252(8),2806-2816 (2006).
  11. S. M. Hassan, T. Zhang, D. Wong, H. M. Saw, M. W. C. Yap Wan, K. L. Long, Y. R. I. Lim, J. H. Low, R. S. Rawat, A. Patran, S. V. Springham, T. L. Tan and P. Lee Spatially and spectrally resolved hard x-ray camera for dense plasma focus diagnosis J. Fiz. Malaysia 26, 153-155 (2005)
  12. R.S. Rawat, T. Zhang, P. Lee, A. Patran, S.M. Hassan, D. Wong, S.V. Springham, T.L. Tan and S. Lee, Applications of Dense Plasma Focus Device Malaysian J. Fiz. Malaysia 26,17-23 (2005)
  13. A. Patran, L.C. Tan, D. Stoenescu, M.S. Rafique, S.V. Springham, T.L. Tan, P. Lee, M. Zakaullah and S. Lee Spectral Study of the electron beam emitted from a 3kJ plasma focus Plasma Sources Science and Technology , Vol 14. No 3, 549 August (2005)
  14. S.V. Springham, S.P. Moo, R.S. Rawat, A. Patran, P.Lee and S.Lee, Imaging of Fusion Protons from a 3kJ Deutrerium Plasma Focus, Japanese Journal of Applied Physics Part1, Vol. 44 No. 6A , 4117-4121 ,(2005).
  15. T. Zhang, X. Lin, K. A. Chandra, T.L. Tan, S.V. Springham, A. Patran, P. Lee, S. Lee and R.S. Rawat, Current sheath curvature correlation with the neon soft X-ray emission from plasma focus device, Plasma Source Science and Technology, 14(2), 368-374, (2005)
  16. J.M. Koh, R.S. Rawat, A. Patran, T. Zhang, D. Wong, S.V. Springham, T.L. Tan, S. Lee and P. Lee, Optimization of High Pressure Operation Regime for Enhanced Neutron Yield in a Plasma Focus Device, Plasma Sources Science and Technology 14, 12-18 (2005).
  17. X.Y. Zhao, X. Hu, P.J. Zheng, L.H. Gan and P. Lee, Synthesis and characterization of polythiophenes with liquid crystalline azobenzene as side chains, Thin Solid Films, 477(1-2) 88-94 (2005)
  18. T. L. Tan, D. Wong, and Paul Lee, Iridescence of a shell of mollusk Haliotis Glabra. Optics Express, Vol. 12, No. 20, Page: 4847 – 4854 October 04, (2004)
  19. R.S. Rawat, T. Zhang, G. J. Lim, W.H. Tan, S. J. Ng, A. Patran, S.M. Hassan, S. V. Springham, T. L. Tan, M. Zakaullah, S. Lee and P. Lee, Soft X-Ray Imaging Using A Neon Filled Plasma Focus X-Ray Source, Journal of Fusion Energy, Vol. 23 No. 1, 49-53 March (2004)
  20. D. Wong, A. Patran, T.L. Tan, R.S. Rawat and P. Lee, Soft X-ray optimization studies on a Dense Plasma Focus device operated in Neon and Argon in Repetitive Mode, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, 32(6) , 2227-2235 Dec (2004)
  21. T.L. Tan, D. Wong, P. Lee, R. S. Rawat and A. Patran, Study of a Chemically-Amplified Resist for X-ray Lithography by FT-IR Spectroscopy, Applied Spectroscopy, vol. 58(11), 1288-1294 (2004).
  22. V A Gribkov, M Scholz, V D Bochkov, A V Dubrovsky, RMiklaszewski, L Karpinski, P Strzyzewski, P Lee and S Lee Pseudosparks in the nanosecond range of operation: firing, jitter, and current disruption J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 37 (2004) 2107–2111 PII: S0022-3727(04)78571-X
  23. R.S. Rawat, T. Zhang, C.B.L. Phua, J.X.Y. Then, K.A. Chandra, X. Lin, A. Patran and P. Lee, Effect of Insulator Sleeve Length on Soft X-ray Emission from Neon filled Plasma Focus Device, Plasma Sources Science and Technology 13(4), 569-575 (2004).
  24. R.S. Rawat, P. Arun, A.G. Videshwar, P. Lee and S. Lee, Effect of ion irradiation on CdI2 films, Journal of Applied Physics, Vol 95(12), 7725 (2004).
  25. L.Y. Soh, P. Lee, X. Shuyan, S. Lee, and R.S. Rawat, Shadowgraphic Studies of DLC film deposition process in Dense Plasma Focus Device, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, Vol 32(2), 448-455 (2004).
  26. S. K. Foong, D. Kiang, P. Lee, R. H. March and B. E. Paton Bouncing Ball Physics Education  (2003)
  27. R.S. Rawat, W.M. Chew, P. Lee, T. White and S. Lee, Deposition of titanium nitride thin films on 304-stainless steel substrates at room temperature using a plasma focus device, Surface and Coating Technology, Volume 173, Issues 2-3 , 276-284 (2003).
  28. M. S. Rafique, P. Lee, S. Lee, A. Patran,  Energy analysis of the deuteron beams generated in a small plasma focus device   Romanian Reports in Physics: (2002)
  29. M. S. Rafique, A. Patran, S. V. Springham, P. Lee, S. Lee, V. Zoita : On the dependence of the plasma focus neutron yield on the forward-emitted fast deuteron population Czechoslovak Journal of Physics Suppl. D, Vol. 52, pp. D156-D160 (2002)
  30. V.A. Gribkov, A. Srivastava, P.C.K Lee, V. Kudryashov, S. Lee Operation of NX2 Dense Plasma Focus Device with Argon Filing as a Possible Radiation Source for Micro-Machining IEEE Transactions On Plasma Science, Vol. 30 No. 3, 1331-1338 June (2002)
  31. Bing Shan, Paul Lee, Mahe Liu, S. Lee, Improving Energy Efficiency of Plasma Focus  Singapore Journal of Physics. (2001)
  32. S.Fu T.C. Chia, Paul Lee, C.H. Diong, S.M. Krishnan Study of laser induced normal skin in vivo autofluorescence spectra Laser 2001 –World of Photonics Conference on Lasers and Electro-optics in Europe. 17-21 June 2001 Munich Germany. Proc. SPIE Vol. 4432, p. 230-235, Diagnostic Optical Spectroscopy in Biomedicine, Theodore G. Papazoglou; Georges A. Wagnieres; Eds.(2001)
  33. A.V. Dubrovsky, V.A. Gribkov, Yurij P. Ivanov, P. Lee, S. Lee, M.H. Liu, V. A. Samarin 0.2kJ and 2kJ high re rate Dense Plasma foci: their design, technology, and applications Nukleonika 46(supplement 1):S107-S111 (2001)
  34. R.S. Rawat, P.Lee, T. White, S. Lee Room Temperature Deposition of Titanium Carbide Thin Film Using Dense Plasma Focus, Surface and Cooling Technologies on 138  159-165(2001)
  35. Bangke Zheng and Paul C. K. Lee Interferometry measurement of laser-induced plasma density and improvement Proceedings of SPIE -- Volume 4101 Laser Interferometry X: Techniques and Analysis, Malgorzata Kujawinska, Ryszard J. Pryputniewicz, Mitsuo Takeda, Editors, July 2000, pp. 242-249
  36. Gribkov, Vladimir A.; Liu, Mahe; Lee, Paul C.; Lee, Sing; Srivastava, Ashutosh M.; Dense plasma focus radiation source for microlithography and micromachining, Proc. SPIE Vol. 4226, p. 151-159, Microlithographic Techniques in Integrated Circuit Fabrication II, Chris A. Mack; XiaoCong Yuan; Eds. (2000)
  37. R.S. Rawat, P. Arun, A.G. Vedeshwar, Y.L. Lam, M.H. Liu, P. Lee, A.C. Huan & S. Lee Effect of Argon Ion Irradiation on Sb2Te3 Films in Dense Plasma Focus Device. Bulletin Material Research USA Vol.35, No. 3 477-486 (2000)
  38. W. Wang, P. Lee, S. Lee Versatile and low cost CCD based diagnostics for plasma phenomena Journal of Accelerator and Plasma (Korea) (2000)
  39. S. Lee, V. Kudryashov, P. Lee, M. Liu, T.L.Tan, High Energy Photon Lithography for Fabrication of Photonic Device SPIE Vol.3899  p. 245-256(1999)
  40. A.V. Dubrovsky, V.A. Gribkov, Yu.P. Ivanov, P.Lee, S. Lee, M. Liu Operation of a small dense plasma focus with neon gas filling in low and high pressure regimes. Journal of Technical Physics 40,1,125-128, (1999)
  41. Y.L. Lam, M.H. Liu, P. Lee, S.Lee, R.S. Rawat, P. Arun, A.G. Videshwar, Argon Ion Induced Changes On Antimony Telluride Thin Films Using Dense Plasma Focus Device  Singapore Journal of Physics,   (1999)
  42. Norreys PA, Bakarezos M, Barringer L, Borghesi M, Beg FN, Castro-Colins M, Chambers D, Dangor AE, Danson CN, Djaoui A, Fews AP, Galliard R, Gibbon P, Gizzi L, Glinsky ME, Hammel BA, Key MH, Lee P, Loukakos P, MacKinnon AJ, Meyer C, Meyer-ter-Vehn J, Moustaizis S, Preston SG, Pukhov A, Rose SJ, Tatarakis M, Wark JS, Willi O, Zepf M, Zhang J  Studies of the fast ignition route to inertial confinement fusion at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Fusion Engineering And Design 44: 239-243 Feb 1999
  43. S. Lee, P. Lee, G. Zhang, A. Serban, M. Liu, V. Kudryashov, X. Feng, S.V. Springham, T.K.S. Wong, C. Selvam Powerful Soft X-ray Sources & High Resolution Lithography. Sing J Phys 14(1):1-10 (1998)
  44. F N Beg , P. Lee, A Dyson , M Tatarakis and A E Dangor ,S Moustaizis  X-ray emission from plasmas formed using an excimer laser with different pulse lengths Journal of Physics D. Applied Physics 31, 2777-2782 (1998)
  45. M. Tatarakis, J. R. Davies, P. Lee, P. A. Norreys, N. G. Kassapakis, F. N. Beg, A. R. Bell, M. G. Haines, and A. E. Dangor. Plasma formation on the front and rear of plastic targets due to high-intensity laser-generated fast electrons Physical Review Letters Vol. 81 No. 3 999-1002 July (1998)
  46. S. Lee, P. Lee, G.X. Zhang, V.A. Gribkov, X. Feng, M.H. Liu, A. Serban, High Repetition high performance plasma focus as a powerful radiation source  IEEE transactions on plasma science 26(4):1119-1126  USA (1998)
  47. E.P. Bogolubov, V.D. Bochkov, A.V. Dubrovski, X. Feng, V.A. Gribkov, Yu. P. Ivanov, A.I. Isakov, O.N. Krohin, P. Lee, S. Lee, V. Ya. Nikulin, A. Serban, P.V. Silin, G.Z. Zhang, V.A. Veretennikov, L.T. Vekhoreva, A Powerful Soft X-ray radiation source for x-ray lithography based on  plasma focusing. Physica Scripta Vol. 57, 488-494, Sweden (1998)
  48. P.A. Norreys, A.P. Fews, F.N. Beg, A.R. Bell, A.E. Dangor, P. Lee, M.B. Nelson, H. Schmidt, M. Tatarakis and M.D. Cable. Neutron production from picosecond laser irradiation of deuterated targets at intensities of 1019Wcm-2 Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 40, 175-182  England(1998)
  49. P. Lee, S. Kumar, S. Lee, Simulations of laser produced plasma dynamics in an ambient gas, Laser and Particle Beams Vol. 16 no. 2 pp.317-325, USA(1998)
  50. P. Lee, T. Halim,  C.H.J. Koh, S. Lee,. M.H. Liu Dynamics of a spark produced blast wave, Singapore Journal of Physics 13: 29-38 (1997)
  51. P. Lee, F.N. Beg, A.E. Dangor, P. Fews, M. Glinsky, B.A. Hammel, P.A. Norreys, M. Tatarakis, F.N. Walsh, Measurement of hot electrons produced from a laser solid interaction using Ka spectroscopy, Singapore Journal of Physics (1997)
  52. P. Lee, H. Schmidt, F.N. Beg, A.R. Bell, A.E. Dangor, C.N. Danson, A.P. Fews, P.A. Norreys, Neutron measurements in high intensity laser-solid interaction,  Jurnal Fizik Malaysia 18 43-52 (1997)
  53. P. Lee, S. Lee, G.X. Zhang, X. Feng, M.H. Liu, Electron Lithography using a Compact  Plasma Focus, Plasma Sources Science and Technology, 6 343-348 (1997)
  54. F.N. Beg, A.R. Bell, A.E. Dangor, C.N. Danson, A.P. Fews, M.E. Glinsky, B.A. Hammel, P. Lee, P.A. Norreys, M. Tatarakis., A study of picosecond laser-solid interactions up to 1019Wcm-2., Physics of plasmas 4(2) pp.447-457, USA, Feb (1997)
  55. P. Lee, S. Lee, G.X. Zhang, X. Feng, M.H. Liu, Lithography using a Compact  Plasma Focus Electron Source, Microlithographic Techniques in IC fabrication SPIE Vol.3183 , pp. 169-177, June (1997)
  56. S. Lee, X. Feng, P. Lee, G.X Zhang, M.H. Liu, A. Serban, S.V. Springham, T.K.S. Wong, K. Wira, C. Selvam, A. Thang, Preliminary results on x-ray Lithography using a Compact Plasma Focus, Microlithographic Techniques in IC fabrication SPIE Vol.3183 , pp. 123-127, June (1997)
  57. S. Lee, G.X. Zhang, X. Feng, P. Lee, A. Serban, M.H. Liu, T.K.S Wong, C. Selvam,, Compact Plasma Focus Soft X-ray Source with High Repetition and High Intensity, Microlithographic Techniques in IC fabrication  SPIE Vol.3183 ,  pp. 112-122,  June (1997)
  58. F.N. Beg, A.E. Dangor, P. Lee, M. Tatarakis, S.L. Niffikeer and M.G. Haines, Optical and x-ray observations of carbon and aluminium fibre Z-pinch plasmas , Plasma physics and controlled fusion 39 pp.1-25, England, (1997)
  59. M. Tatarakis, F.N. Beg, P. Lee, A.E. Dangor, S.D. Moustaizis, X-ray emission from plasmas generated by 450 femtosecond excimer laser pulses, Physica Scripta,55(6), 651-653 Sweden, (1997)
  60. S. Lee, G.X. Zhang, V.A. Gribkov, X. Feng, A.V. Dubrovsky, P. Lee, A. Serban, S.V. Springham, M.H. Liu, C. Selvam, T.K.S. Wong, K. Wira, A repetitive compact plasma soft x-ray source, Singapore Journal of Physics. Vol. 12 no. 1 , pp. 69-76, (1996)
  61. J. Zhang, M. Zepf, P.A. Norreys, A.E. Dangor, M. Bakarezos, C.N. Danson, A. Dyson, A.P. Fews, P. Gibbon, M.H. Key, P. Lee, P. Loukakos, S.D. Moustaizis, D. Neely, F.N. Walsh, J.S. Wark., Coherence and bandwidth measurements of harmonics generated from solid surfaces irradiated by intense picosecond laser pulses., Physical Review A(Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics) Vol. 54 Issue 2 p. 1597-1603, USA, (1996)
  62. M. Zepf, M. Castro-Colin, D. Chambers, S. G. Preston, J. S. Wark, J. Zhang, C. N. Danson, D. Neely, P. A. Norreys, A. E. Dangor, A. Dyson, P. Lee, A. P. Fews, P. Gibbon, S. Moustaizis, Measurements of the hole boring velocity from Doppler shifted harmonic emission from solid targets , Physics of plasmas , USA, 3(9) pp. 3242-3244, (1996)
  63. P.A. Norreys, M. Zepf, S. Moustaizis, A.P. Fews, J. Zhang, P. Lee, M. Bakarezos, C.N. Danson, A. Dyson, P. Gibbon, P. Loukakos, D. Neely, F.N. Walsh, J.S. Wark, A.E. Dangor , Efficient Extreme UV Harmonics Generated from Picosecond Laser Pulse Interactions with Solid Targets., Physical Review Letters., USA, Mar. 1996 , Vol.: 76 (11) pp 1832-1835 (1996)
  64. C.B. Edwards, P. Lee, M. Tatarakis , Single Shot Wave front Measurement of sub‑ps Laser Pulses , SPIE Beam Control, Diagnostics, Standards, and Propagation, San Jose, CA, USA, 6-7 Feb. 1995, Proc. SPIE Vol. 2375, p. 254-260,(1995)
  65. A.P. Fews, P.A. Norreys, F.N. Beg, A.R. Bell, A.E. Dangor, C.N. Danson, P. Lee and S.J. Rose. , Plasma Ion Emission from High Intensity Picosecond Laser Pulse Interactions with Solid Targets, Physical Review Letters. USA, Vol. 73(13), pp 1801-1804, Sep 1994
  66. C.N. Danson, F.N. Beg, A.R. Bell, Z. Chang, A.E. Dangor, C.B. Edwards, A.P. Fews, M.H.R. Hutchinson, S. Luan, P. Lee, P.A. Norreys, R.A. Smith, P.F. Taday and F. Zhou, Chirped Pulse Amplification experiments on the VULCAN Nd:glass laser facility , SPIE , Short‑Pulse High Intensity Lasers and Applications II, Proc. SPIE Vol. 1860, p. 10-20, (1993)
  67. A.R. Bell, F.N. Beg, Z. Chang, A.E. Dangor, C.N. Danson, C.B. Edwards, A.P. Fews, M.H.R. Hutchinson, S. Luan, P. Lee, P.A. Norreys, R.A. Smith, P.F. Taday and F. Zhou, Observation of  plasma confinement in picosecond laser plasma interaction, Physical Review E, USA, Vol.48, No.3,pp 2087-2093, Sep (1993)
 
     

Copyright © 2010, Natural Sciences and Science Education Academic Group, National Institute of Education, 1 Nanyang Walk, Singapore 637616

http://www.nsse.nie.edu.sg/faculty/ckplee.htm (updated 30 Jul 2007)

Terms of Use | Privacy Statement | Contact the NSSE Web Team